Whether you are on Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, Android or ChromeOS you can find a way to test your internet speed with speedtest by Ookla. Similar to GPing Kent covered earlier Speedtest has a CLI command-line interface where you can use your favourite terminal to collect statistics about network speed. Download the cli tool here. The -o option instructs ssh-keygen to store the private key in the new OpenSSH format instead of the old (and more compatible PEM format). This is advisable, as the new OpenSSH format has an increased resistance to brute-force password cracking. OpenSSH SSH daemon is called sshd on Linux and used by ssh command. We use ssh and sshd for secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network or internet. OpenSSH server listens for connections from clients on TCP port number 22. The server is normally started at boot from /etc/init.d/ssh or /etc/init.d/sshd. Tar zxvf openssh-X.Y.tar.gz cd openssh./configure # options make && make tests See the Build-time Customisation section below for configure options. If you plan on installing OpenSSH to your system, then you will usually want to specify destination paths. Building from git. Since this is basically the same OpenSSH client you find on Linux machines, some commands such as sftp are also available. This facilitates the upload and download of files to/from remote servers. For those that prefer the command line, this means they don’t need to install FTP clients such as FileZilla anymore.
In this post I’ll show you how to install Ubuntu 18.04.3 LTS (Bionic Beaver) on Oracle’s VirtualBox. I’ll also demonstrate how to connect to the Ubuntu instance via SSH. This will form the basis for a second tutorial that will walk through installing and configuring Ruby on Rails on an Ubuntu server.
Let’s get started!
What Is VirtualBox?
VirtualBox is a software virtualization package that you can install on your operating system (just as you would a normal program). It supports the creation and management of virtual machines into which you can install a second operating system.
In VirtualBox terminology, the operating system on which you install VirtualBox (i.e. your regular OS) is called the host. The operating system you install within VirtualBox (i.e. inside the virtual machine) is called the guest.
For this tutorial, I’ll be using Linux Mint 19.2 as the host OS, but there’s no reason you couldn’t use a different Linux distro, or macOS, or Windows (if you’re so inclined).
Install VirtualBox
The first thing to do is to get VirtualBox installed. I’ll not go into much detail here, as there are comprehensive instructions for all of the main operating systems on the project’s homepage.
Personally, I downloaded and installed the deb package for Ubuntu 18.04 / 18.10 / 19.04. This is because the VirtualBox version in the Mint repos is slightly outdated and I wanted to be running the latest version.
Download Ubuntu Server
The next thing to do is to grab a copy of Ubuntu Server. You can do this from their download page. This will download a 889MB iso file to your PC.
At the time of writing the current LTS version is Ubuntu Server 18.04.3 and this is what I’ll be using. It’s supported until April 2023 and is available as 64-bit only.
Create a New Virtual Machine
Start up VirtualBox. This should open the VirtualBox Manager, the interface from which you will administer all of your virtual machines.
Next Click on New (in the top right of the VirtualBox Manager), give your virtual machine a name and the two drop down menus should automatically update.
Click Next. The wizard will now ask you to select the amount of memory (RAM) in megabytes to be allocated to the virtual machine. I chose 2GB (2048 megabytes).
Click Next and you will be prompted to add a virtual hard disk to the new machine. Make sure that Create a virtual hard disk now is selected, then press Create.
Now we need to choose the file type for the new virtual hard disk. Make sure that VDI (VirtualBox Disk Image) is checked and press Next.
On the next screen you will be asked whether the new virtual hard disk should grow as it is used (dynamically allocated) or if it should be created at its maximum size. Make sure that dynamically allocated is selected, then click Next.
Finally, select the size of the virtual hard disk in megabytes. The default size of 10GB should be plenty, but feel free to increase this as you see fit. Then click Create.
The hard disk should now be created and after a short while you should find yourself back in the VirtualBox Manager. You should be able to see your newly created virtual machine listed on the left.
Install Ubuntu Server in the Virtual Machine
Make sure your virtual machine is selected and press Start. VirtualBox Manager will ask you to select a virtual optical disk file or a physical optical drive to start the virtual machine from. Select the iso file you downloaded previously and press Start.
The Ubuntu installation process will now begin. It consists of thirteen steps and is quite painless.
The Welcome Screen
Here you should select your preferred language. I’m using English.
The Keyboard Configuration Screen
Here you should select a keyboard layout. As I’m using a German keyboard, I asked Ubuntu to detect my layout, which it did with a couple of simple questions.
The Network Connections Screen
Here Ubuntu will attempt to configure the standard network interface. Normally you can just accept the default and select Done.
The Configure Proxy Screen
If your system requires a proxy to connect to the internet (mine doesn’t), enter its details in the next dialogue. Then select Done.
The Ubuntu Archive Mirror Screen
If you wish to use an alternative mirror for Ubuntu, you can enter the details here. Otherwise accept the default mirror by selecting Done.
The Filesystem Setup Screen
The installer can guide you through partitioning an entire disk or, if you prefer, you can do it manually. If you choose to partition an entire disk you will still have a chance to review and modify the results before Ubuntu is installed. I selected Use An Entire Disk.
I was then prompted to select my virtual machine’s hard disk as the disk to install to, before being shown a summary of what the installer would do. As this is a “destructive action”. I was asked to confirm my choice with Continue.
The Profile Setup Screen
Here you are required to enter:
- Your (real) name
- Your server’s name
- Your username
- Password
Fill these details out as you see fit.
The SSH Setup Screen
Here we have a chance to install the OpenSSH server package. We’ll need this to connect to the virtual machine via SSH later on, so ensure that you select it.
You also have the opportunity to import your SSH keys from GitHub or Launchpad. I selected No for this option.
The Featured Server Snaps screen
Here you can select from a list of popular snaps to install on your system. Snaps are self-contained software packages that work across a range of Linux distributions. I didn’t select any.
And that’s it, the installation is complete. Ubuntu will ask you to remove the installation medium (which you can do via Devices > Optical Drives > Remove disk from virtual drive > Force unmount) and then reboot.
If this option is grayed out, you’re good to go. Just reboot.
How To Install Openssh Mac
Up and Running with SSH
Once your virtual machine has rebooted and you have logged in, you’ll probably notice that some packages can be updated.
Let’s fix that:
Now let’s double check that SSH is installed (it should be if you selected the option Install OpenSSH server during instalation).
If you get a “command not found” error, you can install it with:
The next step is to give our Ubuntu server an IP address on our local network. To do this, power off the virtual machine using sudo poweroff or Machine > ACPI Shutdown.
Then, in VirtualBox Manager, click on the Network panel on the right. Change the setting Adapter 1 > Attached to to “Bridged Adapter” and click OK.
Start up your virtual machine, then enter ifconfig (in the guest) and note the IP address assigned to your main network adapter. In my case this was 192.168.178.66.
Note: it is also possible to stick with the original NAT interface and SSH into the guest using port forwarding. You can read more about that here. You can find information on all of the VBox network settings in this comprehensive guide.
Starting and Stopping VirtualBox in Headless Mode
You might have noticed, working with the VirtualBox Manager and the guest OS is a bit of a pain. If you’re going to continue doing this, you should at least install the guest additions, as well as enable clipboard support.
There is a slightly nicer way however — you can start and stop the virtual machine using the VBoxManage command from your terminal.
To power on:
And to power off:
Where “Ubuntu Server 18.04.3” is whatever you called your virtual machine (the name it has in the VirtualBox Manager GUI).
Connecting to the Ubuntu Server
Let’s go ahead and start the Ubuntu server in headless mode, before connecting to it via SSH.
Note: The following commands should be run on your host.
Install Ssh Mac Terminal
On most *nix systems, the SSH client software should be part of the default installation. If you don’t have it available, you should be able to grab it from the repos, like so:
or just hit DuckDuckGo.
Then (ensuring that you replace “jim” and the IP address with your corresponding values) you can connect like so:
This will give you a warning that the host’s authenticity cannot be established and ask you if you want to continue connecting. Answer “yes”.
Next, it will prompt you for your password. Enter it and you will be connected to your Ubuntu server from your host OS.
For Windows Users
Install Openssh Mac
If you’re running Windows you’ll need to install a SSH client such as PuTTY.
When PuTTY starts, a window titled PuTTY Configuration should open. This window has a configuration pane on the left, a Host Name field and other options in the middle, and a pane for saving session profiles in the lower right area.
For simple use, all you need to do is to enter the IP address of the host you want to connect to in the Host Name field and click Open.
Generate and Install a SSH Key Pair
SSH keys offer a secure manner of logging into a server without the need of a password.
In a nutshell, this depends upon you generating a public and a private SSH key pair. The private key is kept on your PC (and should be guarded carefully). The public key is copied over to the server you wish to connect to.
SSH keys are a complex subject and as such, out of the scope of this tutorial. If you’d like to find out more, I recommend looking for a dedicated tutorial (such as this one).
Generate the Keys
On *nix systems (Windows users see the next section), you can generate your key pair with the following command:
The -o option instructs ssh-keygen to store the private key in the new OpenSSH format instead of the old (and more compatible PEM format). This is advisable, as the new OpenSSH format has an increased resistance to brute-force password cracking.
The -b option is used to set the key length to 4096 bits instead of the default 1024 bits for security reasons.
In the following dialogue you will be required to answer a couple of questions:
- Where to save the newly generated key pair
- Which passphrase to use
Here you can accept the default location and leave the passphrase blank by pressing Return.
ssh-keygen will then output a summary of what it has done:
Copy the Public Key to the Ubuntu Server
To copy the public key to the Ubuntu server use:
Where ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub is the path to your public key, taken from the output above. And where jim@192.168.178.66 should be altered to reflect your details.
Install Openssh Mac
The command will run and you should be asked for your server password. Enter it, then attempt to log into the server like so:
This time you should be in without a password.
For Windows Users
You should be able to use a tool like PuTTYgen to achieve the same thing. Here is a tutorial on using PuTTYgen to create a new key pair for authentication.
You will have a little more leg work when it comes to copying the key to the server, where you will need to add the public key to a ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file.
You can do that like so:
This will create the appropriate file, then open the nano editor into which you can copy your newly generated public key.
When you’re done, press Ctrl + X to save your changes and exit nano.
Conclusion
This has been quite a long post, but by the end of it you should have a working installation of Ubuntu Server running on VirtualBox that you can connect to from your host operating system via SSH.
As mentioned, this will form the basis for a future tutorial on deploying a Ruby on Rails app to an Ubuntu server.
Install Ssh Mac
If you have any questions or feedback, I’d be glad to hear your from you in the comments.